DESCRIPTION OF TRICKLING FILTER
Trickling Filter A trickling filter (TF), an attached growth system, consists of a fixed bed of highly permeable media on whose surface a mixed population of microorganisms is developed as a slime layer. The fixed media in TF may be of rocks, plastic, metal, etc. In TF there is no straining or filtering action involved. Passing of wastewater after primary treatment through the filter causes the development of a gelatinous coating of bacteria, protozoa and other organisms on the media. The wastewater sprayed through a bed of coarse stones or plastic material packed in a circular tank. A rotating distributor (a rotating pipe with several holes across it) evenly distributes the wastewater from thetop of the bed. The wastewater trickles down and collected by an under drain system. The microorganisms in the wastewater attach themselves to the filter media in the bed and break down the organic matter and remove them from the wastewater.
The ideal filter medium is a material that has a high surface area per unit volume, has a high durability and high porosity so that clogging is minimized and good air circulation can occur. It’s cost should be low. The choice of filter media is generally governed by the material locally available. Commonly used filter media are crushed rockplastic packing
Crushed rock
Crushed rocks are typically used as filter media. Stones of less than 75 mm in size do not provide sufficient pore space and may result in clogging of the media. Large stones greater than 75 mm tend to avoid ponding situations but limit the surface area per unit volume available for the slime layer to grow. An upper size limit of the stones is about 150 mm. The material is, therefore, graded to a uniform size in the range of 75 to 150 mm. The depth of stone media is in the order of 1.5 to 2.0 m.
Plastic Packing
The introduction of thermoformed PVC or synthetic material such as plastic rings and saddles as media is largely responsible for the success of the modern trickling filter. This advancement allows construction of modules of superior compressive strength and higher void-volumes necessary for stacking to heights not achievable with rock filters. Taller TFs, with heights up to 12 m with plastic media are known as bio-towers. Greater specific surface area makes higher organic loadings possible. Deeper bio-towers are easily ventilated through blowers because of the higher void volumes
Rotary Distributor
The rotary distributor is used for spraying the wastewater over the filter media of the TF because of its reliability and ease of maintenance. The rotary distributor consists of a hollow vertical central column carrying two or more radial pipes or arms, each of which contains a number of nozzles or orifices for discharging the wastewater onto the filter media. All of these nozzles point in the same direction at right angles to the arms. The force of the water causes the spray heads to rotate above the media, acting like a sprinkler and evenly distributing wastewater across the media.
The rotary reaction is furnished by a head of 450 to 600 mm. The speed of revolution will vary with the flow rate, but it should be in the range of one revolution in 10 minutes or less for a two-arm distributor.
The liquid influent is piped through the bottom of the TF to the distribution (rotating arm) heads, at the top of the trickling filter. The distribution head is generally not motorized, it is powered by jet action caused by the wastewater leaving the arm horizontally. With motor-driven rotary distributor center mechanisms, the performance of the trickling filters, is greatly improved and the problems associated with the old rotary distributors are eliminated. A clearance of 150 to 250 mm should be
allowed between the bottom of the distributor arm and top of the media. This will permit the waste streams from the nozzles to spread out and cover the media uniformly.
Jr some cases, especially square or rectangular TFs, fixed flat-spray nozzles have been used.
Underdrain System
The underdrain system in TF serves two purposes:
To collect and convey the wastewater passing through the filter and the sloughed solids
from the filter to the SST, and
To provide for ventilation of the filter to maintain aerobic conditions.
The under drains are open jointed SW pipes or specially designed vitrified clay blocks with slotted tops that admit the waste water and yet support the media. The blocks are laid directly on the filter floor, which is sloped toward the collection channel at 1 to 4 percent gradient. The effluent channels are sized to produce a minimum velocity of 0.6 m/ s at the average daily flow. Since the underdrains also provide ventilation for the filter it is desirable that the total ventilation area of openings is at least 20 % of the total floor area. The under drains should be open to a circumferential channel for ventilation at the wall as well as to the central collection channel. The under drain and support system for plastic packing consists either a beam and column or a grating. Normal ventilation occurs through convection currents caused by a temperature differential between the waste water and the ambient air temperature. In deep filters or heavily loaded filters, there may be some advantage in force ventilation.
CYCLE OF OPERATION A mixed culture of organisms grows on the media surfaces forming a dense biofilm (slime layer) of viscous, jelly like mass. The biofilm (Fig. 12.3) is a complex community of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms. It takes three to four weeks for the biofilm to establish in the summer and up to two months in the winter. Wastewater passes over the film in thin sheets. Dissolved organic compounds pass into the biofilm due to concentration gradients and diffusion. Suspended organic solids are trapped on the sticky surfaces and subsequently degraded by the bacteria. The biofilm is made porous by the feeding activities of the grazing fauna, which are continuously burrowing through the film. Oxygen from air spaces in the solid media diffuses through the wastewater film and into the biofilm. Oxygen penetration will be for a depth of 0.2 mm in a bacterial film and between 3 and 4 mm in a fungal film. Metabolic by-products diffuse back to the wastewater through the film and air spaces in the media. The film thickness may increase as much as 10 mm. Growth of biofilm and increase in thickness makes it more difficult for oxygen to diffuse through the biofilm. An anaerobic layer develops deep in the biofilm causing weakened attachment to the media. Weakened attachment plus a thickened biofilm layer eventually causes the wastewater flow to shear off the biofilm and wash it away. This shearing process is called sloughing. The biofilm then reestablishes itself. Sloughing is occurred periodically and sloughed microbial growth is carried along with filter outflow. For this reason, trickling filters should be followed by secondary settling tanks (SST) to remove these sloughed solids by settling and to produce a relatively clear effluent. This sloughing cycle is continuously repeated throughout the operation of a trickling filter. For economy and to prevent clogging of the distribution nozzles, trickling filters should be preceded by primary settling tanks (PST) equipped with scum collecting devicesRecirculation
Recirculation is a process by which the effluent from SST is returned to and reapplied along with inflow onto the filter. This recycling of the effluent increases the contact time of the waste with the microorganisms and also helps to “seed” the lower portion of the filter with active organisms. Recirculation of water through the fixed media filter is one method of controlling the microorganisms’ environment. It decreases the concentration of food, which can be either positive or negative depending on the F/ M ratio. Recirculation also increases the amount of oxygen in the water, which can help in the removal of B.O.D.
The degree of recirculation should be optimized so that the microorganisms work most efficiently.
Recirculation also helps to minimize problems with ponding and restriction of ventilation. Recirculation can be continuous or intermittent at constant or variable rate. Recirculating effluent to the trickling filter dilutes the influent wastewater entering the trickling filter. Since the BOD removal process is first order (i.e., the rate of removal of BOD is affected by the initial concentration of BOD), recirculation helps distribute the loading evenly through the depth of the filter. It also helps to manage the diurnal variation in loading while maintaining a minimum wetting-rate throughout the day. In general, higher recirculation ratios produce better effluent quality.
The “Recirculation rate” is the percent of the average influent wastewater flow which is recirculated through the trickling filter. The recirculation is generally expressed as a decimal. Typical recirculation rates range from 0.2 to 2.0.
Secondary Settling Tank
After this biological activity in trickling filter, a secondary settling tank is necessary to remove accumulated cells and any remaining solids, usually occurring in a circular tank with a conical bottom. The function of the SST is to produce a clarified effluent. Surface overflow rates of SSTs for TFs are similar in line with the design of SSTs used for activated sludge process.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Hydraulic Loading
The hydraulic loading is one of the factors which will influence the performance of the filters. It is defined as the amount of wastewater applied per day over the surface area of the media. It is expressed in Litres/ day/ square metre.
The hydraulic loading rate determines the length of time the organic constituents are in contact with the microorganisms and, hence, the extent of biodegradation that occurs. In trickling filters, the hydraulic loading rate also determines the shear velocities of the microbial layer. Excessively high hydraulic loading rates may wash away the microbial layer faster than it can grow back. However, the hydraulic loading rate must be high enough to keep the microbes moist and to remove dead or dying microbes hat have lost their ability to cling to the filter media. The hydraulic loading rate is controlled, by adjusting the wastewater feed rate. Monitoring of the wastewater feed rates is necessary to ensure that the hydraulic loading provides sufficient time to achieve an effective biodegradation of organic constituents in the wastewater.
Organic Loading
The organic loading is the amount of B.O.D. applied to the filter per day per unit volume of filter media. So the units of organic loading are typically kg B.O.D./ day/ 1000 m3 of media. The organic loading also influences the performance of the filter. The organic loading can be calculated using the formula below.
Organic loading rate (lcgBOD I day 11000 )=
Total BOD Load (kg__ I d) x1000
Filter volume (m3 )
This formula does not include recirculation, so the flow used in the calculation of BOD load is the influent flow rather than the total flow.
Recirculation Factor
Recycle of treated wastewater is an effective method of keeping all areas and depths of the trickling filter biologically active when the influent flow is too low for proper wetting. Recirculation through PSTs requires extra capacity in these tanks, because the flow passing through them is increased. The volume of filter will not be affected by recirculation. The ratio of the volume of sewage recirculated (R) to the volume of raw sewage (I) is called recirculation ratio. Recirculation factor (F) is given by
1 + —
F= ______________
[1+ 0.1(R / /)]2
When there is no recirculation R/I is zero and F is unity
09-10-2010, 12:13
Trickling filter 
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